Glyphosate, a widely used herbicide, is linked to a plethora of deleterious effects in both clinical and preclinical studies. Nevertheless, the effects of its main metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), whose half-life in soil is even longer than that of glyphosate, have been little explored. On this basis, as a first approach, in this work we report that intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of AMPA or glyphosate (at 10, 56, and 100 mg/kg) decreased, to a similar extent, plasma cholinesterase (ChE) activity in acutely exposed rats. Moreover, we designed an experimental protocol to analyze and compare the effects of AMPA and glyphosate on human plasma ChE activity; this protocol consisted of adding these compounds to human plasma to subsequently test the effects of this plasma on the contraction to acetylcholine (ACh) in the frog rectus abdominis muscle (an indirect estimate of ChE activity). Accordingly, this muscular contraction to ACh was evaluated before and after pre‑incubation of ACh with: (i) plasma alone; (ii) plasma with AMPA; and (iii) plasma with glyphosate. Our results indicate that AMPA, like glyphosate, decreased ChE activity in the plasma of rats (when given i.p.) and humans (when added in vitro), suggesting that both xenobiotics may exert similar toxicological effects.

This paper proposes a fully integrated low dropout (LDO) regulator with gate-couple flipped voltage follower(GC-FVF). The proposed GC-FVF addresses the limited output swing issue of conventional PMOS FVF in LDOs while maintaining a low output impedance. Besides, this LDO introduces a cascode compensation loop, which, along with the low output impedance of GC-FVF, pushes the output pole far away from the unity-gain bandwidth under both light and heavy load conditions. Consequently, the LDO becomes a stable two-pole system, supporting a high loop gain of up to 100dB and significantly enhancing the load and line regulation. Key specifications include a preset output voltage of 1.8V, a minimum unregulated input voltage of 2V, a maximum output current of 100mA, a ground current of 32μA, and an active chip area of 260μm×180μm. Notably, this LDO achieves high load regulation of 4.8μV/mA and high line regulation of 13.8μV/V without the need for off-chip capacitors.

Measuring and providing feedback on residents’ attention to occupational health issues is of significant importance for the optimization of relevant policies. This study focuses on the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan for the Control of Occupational Disease Hazards (13th FYP CODH), using text mining techniques to capture the residents’ attention to occupational health issues in provinces from 2013 to 2021. Based on the synthetic control method, a counterfactual comparison unit was constructed to compare the differences between the actual and synthetic values of residents’ attention rate to evaluate the implementation effect of the13th FYP CODH. The results indicate that, regarding residents’ attention rates, the13th FYP CODH has a brief promotional effect on the attention levels of residents in the responsive provinces. As the policy efficacy undergoes periods of strong effectiveness, fatigue, and revival, the residents’ attention rates exhibit a “U”-shaped evolving trend. In terms of synthetic control differences, compared to Hunan, Shandong province experiences positive policy effects only during the period of strong effectiveness. As time progresses, the policy effects become less apparent, indicating a phenomenon of “subsequent weakening” in policy efficacy. Additionally, medical and health conditions, urbanization level, and technological innovation capacity positively moderate the implementation effects of the13th FYP CODH while industrial structure exerts a negative moderating effect on its implementation effects. This study examines the policy effects of China’s occupational health policy from the perspective of residents’ attention levels, offering insights that are intuitive, sustainable, and implementable.

There are challenges in the utilization of soybean-based foods due to undesirable flavors associated to the Lipoxygenase and trypsin inhibitors causing oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (Linoleic Acid and alpha linolenic) in soybean. This study aimed to prepare soybean based yoghurt with different amounts of lemon grass essential oil in the ratios of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 µl per litter of soy yoghurt. The different treatments of Soybeans based yoghurt analyzed for protein by Kjedhal method, fats by Soxhlet method, total ash by muffle furnace method, crude fiber by dry oven method, pH, titratable acidity, syneresis and viscosity, by AOAC method, total phenolic compounds by spectrophotometric method and sensory analysis by effective tests with 10 panelists using five hedonic scale tools. The results ranges for Moisture content,%(89.3-89.6%); Protein,%(5.5-6.8%); Fat,%(2.7-3.6% ); Total Ash%(0.43-0.53 %); Crude Fiber,%(0.06-0.33 %) and Carbohydrate,%(0.59-0.93 %). Physiochemical properties which included; PH (4.30-5.59); Viscosity, (2.85-3.17 Pa.s); Titratable acidity, (0.01-0.07 g\l) and Synersis (6.44-7.56) and Total Phenolic compound (8.59-18.40 mg/g). The level of pH showed a significant variation between the treatments while titratable acidity, syneresis and viscosity did not show any significant variations. Total phenolic compounds also varied significantly between some treatments. Sensory evaluation showed that the treatment (100 µl) with highest level of lemon grass essential oil per liter of soy yoghurt was the most liked. In conclusion, incorporation of lemon grass essential improved the level of phenolic compounds and sensory properties of yoghurt. More studies need to be carried out on the effects of lemon grass extract on the microbial status of the enriched soy yogurt.

The prevalence of COVID-19 in the community has become more difficult to gauge utilizing clinical testing due to a decrease in reported test results stemming from the availability of at-home test kits and a reduction in the number of cases seeking medical treatment. The purpose of this study was to examine the trend of diminishing correlation between reported clinical cases of COVID-19 and wastewater-based surveillance epidemiological data as home testing became available in the Eastern Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Wastewater grab samples were collected weekly from 16 regional locations from June 2021-December 2022. Samples were analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 N1 and N2 viral particles using reverse transcriptase digital droplet polymerase chain reaction (RT ddPCR). N1 and N2 gene copies were correlated with clinical cases. The t-test was used to determine correlation deterioration point. Clinical cases post-deterioration were calculated for high-correlated pre-deterioration locations using linear regression. Correlation between the wastewater-based surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 and reported clinical cases deteriorated after February 1, 2022. This corresponds with the timeframe in which commercially available at-home test kits became available in the United States. The increase in at-home testing for SARS-CoV-2 likely contributed to the decrease in reported clinical positive tests in early 2022, providing an unrealistic picture of the presence of Covid-19 in the community. As measures to reduce exposure such as personal masking, clinical testing, social isolating, and quarantining continue to decline, wastewater surveillance for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 may be the best method for public health professionals to remain aware of virus dynamics in localized regions. Time-series modeling adds another layer of information when clinical data is unobtainable or underreported.

Purpose: Removing medicines from market may benefit public health by preventing adverse drug reactions (ADRs), which should be quantified. This study’s aim was to identify a model to quantify the impact of medicines’ marketing authorisation (MA) withdrawal and revocation in terms of morbidity and mortality. Methods: MA withdrawals and revocations for safety reasons in France, Germany, and/or the United Kingdom (UK) between July 2012 and December 2016 were identified for prescription medicines. Annual exposure was estimated for each medicine, using IQVIA Medical Research Data (IMRD)-France, IMRD-Germany, and IMRD-UK primary care electronic health record databases. European Medicines Agency records provided reasons for regulatory action for each medicine. Absolute risks of ADRs in patients exposed to each medicine were estimated by systematic review of quantitative research. Public health impact, expressed as annual number of ADRs avoided, was estimated by modelling exposure and ADR risk. Results: Four MA withdrawals and two revocations met study inclusion criteria. Each product’s usage decreased following MA withdrawal or revocation. Absolute risk for ADRs was 0.1-41.25%. To estimate impact of each withdrawal or revocation, its average annual exposure within each IMRD population was multiplied by the absolute risk to give the crude number of ADRs prevented annually due to regulatory action. Conclusions: This model quantifies the public health impact of MA withdrawal and revocation in terms of serious morbidity, resulting from eliminated or reduced usage of medicines. This method can be applied to products in other settings to quantify the impact of other pharmacovigilance actions.

TITLE: McConnell’s Sign in Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS): Does it Provide Any Added Value?RUNNING TITLE: McConnell’s Sign in POCUS.

A document by Timothy Swinn. Click on the document to view its contents.

Purpose: To predict the public health impact of marketing authorisation suspension of cyproterone acetate/ ethinylestradiol (Diane-35 and its generics) in France using a novel modelling technique, and to critique the model. Methods: Cyproterone acetate/ ethinylestradiol exposures in primary care were estimated using IQVIA’s IMS-France electronic health records database. Systematic review identified quantitative research with event data for exposed participants. The main outcome measure was prevented thromboembolic events as a result of marketing authorisation suspension. Results: At the time of marketing authorisation suspension, 4,325,863 active female patients of childbearing potential (aged 10-49 years) were in the IMS-France database. Between 12 months pre- and 12 months post-suspension, average monthly exposure to Diane-35 and its generics decreased by 78.79%, from 8.49 to 1.80 per 100,000 female patients aged 10-49 years. Absolute risk, calculated from event data from three observational studies, was estimated at 53.9%. Approximately 147 cases of thromboembolism would be prevented as a result of the eight-month suspension within exposed IMS-France patients (female, aged 10-49 years). A sensitivity analysis with risk estimates from the Summary of Product Characteristics suggested that less than one case would be prevented during the eight-month suspension. Conclusions: The predictive modelling technique is heavily reliant on the accuracy of utilisation and absolute risk data, as the risk of thromboembolic events differed when event data was estimated from published research or the Summary of Product Characteristics. Nonetheless, this model has wide applicability in other settings where a measurable change in drug utilisation may be obtained, such as withdrawal of marketing authorisation or restriction of prescribing.

Abstract Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic and non-specific inflammatory bowel disease. Previous research shows that Notch plays a role in the pathogenesis of UC and (−)-Epigallocatechin Gallate(EGCG) could attenuate colitis. However, the mechanism of EGCG to improve colitis remains unclear. Methods:The human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cells were intervened with EGCG (10ug/ml or 30ug/ml) with or without Lipopolysaccharide. A mouse model of UC was induced by 3% dextran sulfate sodium and EGCG treatment was administered to mice at a dose of 10 and 20 mg/kg. The stool consistency, rectal bleeding and weight were recorded daily. The disease activity index (DAI) of mice was calculated, and the pathological injury scores were assessed through hematoxylin and eosin staining. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed for iNOS, F4/80, Notch1 and hes1. Inflammatory cytokines were detected using ELISA kits .Western blot assays were performed for TNF-α, IL-1β, , Notch1, Cleaved-Notch1, Notch2,, Hes-1, COX2, iNOS from colon tissues and Caco-2 cells. Results: In this study, we found that the cytokine secretion and inflammation protein expression were reduced with EGCG treatment in LPS induced Caco-2 cells. And the levels of Notch1, Cleaved-Notch1, and Hes-1 expression were decreased by EGCG administration in the cell. Moreover, we found the pro-inflammation cytokine secretion and the macrophages accumulation were reduced by oral EGCG in DSS-induced mice colon which indicates EGCG ameliorates colitis in vivo. And we also found the phenotype of macrophages could alter to M1 was inhibited by oral EGCG in vivo. In addition, we demonstrate that EGCG could attenuate the levels of Notch1, Cleaved-Notch1, and Hes-1 expression in the colon. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that colitis can be improved by EGCG through targeting Notch in DSS-induced UC mice. Key words: EGCG; Notch; colitis; inflammation

In this digital world, globalization has created some impeccable inventions which have benefited society in numerous ways. One of the astonishing inventions would be virtual reality tours, which has proven its worth in many industries such as medical, tourism, entertainment and many more. As such, virtual reality tours have given an opportunity to society to enjoy the privileges of being present in an environment virtually yet able to have the sense of belonging to such an environment. To narrow this down, this research clearly portrayed the interactive relationship that can be created via virtual reality tour to reduce the students’ stress to an acceptable level. In that case, the purpose of this research is to utilize the effect of active motivational status (enjoyment, emotional involvement, engagement) towards stress reduction using virtual reality tour among University Utara Malaysia (UUM) students. In this research, quantitative approach is chosen due to its prominent capability to analyze the relationship between the variables that have been selected. The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale – 21 Items (DASS-21), questionnaire is deployed to measure the level of stress among the participants. 30 UUM students are recruited for this research.

The hybrid Convergent procedure is approved to treat symptomatic patients with long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation (AF). Despite direct visualization during surgical ablation as well as the use of luminal esophageal temperature (LET) monitoring, esophageal injury is still possible. A dedicated device for proactive esophageal cooling has recently been cleared by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to reduce the likelihood of ablation-related esophageal injury resulting from radiofrequency cardiac ablation procedures. In this report, we describe the first uses of proactive esophageal cooling for esophageal protection during the epicardial ablation portion of hybrid convergent procedures.

Highly sensitive stimuli-responsive multifunctional luminescent materials are crucial for applications in optical sensing, high-level security, and anticounterfeiting. Here, we report two zero-dimensional (0D) hybrid copper(I) halides, (TEP) 2Cu 2Br 4 and (TEP) 2Cu 4Br 6, which are comprised of isolated [Cu 2Br 4] 2- and [Cu 4Br 6] 2- inorganic cluster units, respectively, separated by TEP + (TEP = tetraethylphosphonium) cations. (TEP) 2Cu 2Br 4 and (TEP) 2Cu 4Br 6 demonstrate ultrabright greenish-white and orange-red emissions, respectively, with near unity photoluminescence quantum yields. Optical spectroscopy measurements and density-functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that photoemissions of these compounds originate from the formation of self-trapped excitons (STEs) due to the excited-state distortions in the copper(I) halide units. Single crystals of both compounds are radioluminescence (RL) active at room temperature under both X- and γ-rays exposure. The excellent energy resolution values and light yields up to 15,800 ph/MeV under 662 keV γ-rays of 137Cs suggest their potential for scintillation applications. Remarkably, (TEP) 2Cu 2Br 4 and (TEP) 2Cu 4Br 6 are interconvertible through external chemical stimuli or reverse crystallization. In addition, both compounds demonstrate luminescence on-off switching upon thermal stimuli. The sensitivity of (TEP) 2Cu 2Br 4 and (TEP) 2Cu 4Br 6 to the chemical and thermal stimuli coupled with their ultrabright emission allows their consideration for practical applications such as solid-state lighting, sensing, information storage, and anticounterfeiting.

Background and Purpose Chronic Hepatitis B virus (CHB) infection is a global burden for public health. Treatment methods such as interferon and nucleoside analogues may effectively control viral infection but cannot eliminate the virus due to their inability to remove viral covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) inside host nuclear. The persistence of cccDNA in the infected hepatocytes is a crucial obstacle to antiviral therapies. For years, efforts had been undertaken to understand the formation and regulation of HBV cccDNA. Natural core antibodies were modified to target intracellular core proteins across the membrane to achieve antiviral effect in several studies. However, modified natural antibody had limits: 1) it was unstable inside cells; 2) it had strong immunogenicity; 3) lack of targeting. Experimental approach and Key Results Therefore, we altered natural antibody into a micro-transbody which has correct intracellular folding, stronger affinity, and weaker immunogenicity to establish a new recombinant transbody for the specific and efficient immune clearance of viruses in hepatocytes. Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry were used to verify the transmembrane and antigen-binding ability of our recombinant transbody. Conclusions & Implications Taken together, we demonstrate a recombinant transbody H2L2 with transmembrane and antigen-binding activity expressed by E.coli in this study, which may be an encouraging exploration of therapeutic strategies against hepatitis B infection inside hepatocellular.

Gummy stem blight (GSB), a severe and widespread disease causing great losses to cucurbit production, is a major threat to melon production. However, the melon-GSB interaction remains largely unknown, which significantly impedes the genetic improvement of melon for GSB resistance. Here, full-length transcriptome and widely targeted metabolome were used to reveal the early defense responses of resistant (PI511890) and susceptible (Payzawat) melon to GSB. Differentially expressed genes were specifically enriched in the secondary metabolite biosynthesis and MAPK signaling pathway in PI511890, while in carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid metabolism in Payzawat. More than 1000 novel genes were identified in PI511890, which were enriched in the MAPK signaling pathway. There were 11,793 alternative splicing events identified and involved the defense response to GSB. A total of 910 metabolites were identified, with flavonoids as the dominant metabolites. Integrated full-length transcriptome and metabolome analysis showed that eriodictyol and oxalic acid may be used as marker metabolites for GSB resistance in melon. Moreover, post-transcription regulation was widely involved in the defense response of melon to GSB. These results improve our understanding of the interaction between melon and GSB and may facilitate the genetic improvement of GSB resistance of melon.

Improving land degradation neutrality (LDN) assessment is essential to address land degradation. Although land resilience contributes to the achievements of sustainable LDN targets, its specific assessment program is sparsely considered in LDN to date. In our research, we constructed a new LDN assessment system for China and tried to provide a concrete practical solution for sustainable land use. Results have indicated that there were only 1.11×10 6 km 2 (11.07%) of highly resilient land in China. The spatial distribution pattern of ‘western recovery-central balance-eastern degradation’ have been developed in the past 20 years. The reduction of areas and imbalance of spatial distribution have put pressures on sustainable LDN targets. Land productivity of major grain producing regions have risen enormously with significant degradation in land resilience. We recommended prioritizing the restoration of land resilience in major grain producing areas and cooperating LDN with other sustainable development goals at the watershed scales. Furthermore, this study not only provided an effective and convenient tool for sustainable LDN assessment, but also contributed to the LDN governance and actions to curb land degradation around the world.

Bacterial cellulose nanocrystals (BCNC) have gained significant study attention in the field of anti-counterfeiting due to the advantages in viscosity regulation, suspension stability, printability, and shear-thinning behavior. In this study, a novel nanohybrids was developed by electrostatically self-assembling BCNC with lanthanide (Er, Yb)-nitrogen (N) co-modified graphene quantum dots (GQDs). These nanohybrids were then incorporated into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) waterborne ink, leveraging the unique rheological properties of BCNC to form a stable network architecture. The incorporation resulted in improved thixotropic behavior and increased yield stress of the PVA waterborne ink, thereby enabling a more systematic approach to the design and successful synthesis of a waterborne fluorescent ink used for dual anticounterfeiting purposes. The synthesized Er/Yb/N-GQDs demonstrated both photoluminescence (blue light) and upconversion luminescence (green light) characteristics upon excitation at wavelengths of 370 nm and 980 nm, respectively. Therefore, effective information extraction necessitated the concurrent use of two distinct excitation light sources, thereby heightened the difficulty of illicit counterfeiting. This study introduced a waterborne fluorescent dual anticounterfeiting ink with significant potential for applications in information security and identity authentication. Moreover, it served as a valuable reference for its adoption in the printing and packaging industries.

A Case Report: Concurrent Treatment Challenges and Outcomes in Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis coexisting Lung CancerWANG Na1, SHU Cao 1, WANG Yajiao2, LIU Ke1.The First People’s Hospital of Zigong 1. Cancer Center 2. Tuberculosis Department, Zigong, China.Corresponding author: SHU Cao,Deputy Chief Physician, Cancer Center of The First People’s Hospital of Zigong,[email protected]: Although the coexistence of pulmonary tuberculosis and lung carcinoma is rare, it poses challenges to treatment strategies. Understanding the clinical features and treatment outcomes of such patients is clinically significant. Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of coexisting pulmonary tuberculosis and lung carcinoma, aiming to enhance clinicians’ comprehensive understanding of this condition. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on a patient diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis coexisting with lung carcinoma at the First People’s Hospital of Zigong City. Pathological and microbiological diagnostics were employed, and the diagnostic and treatment experiences were summarized. Results: The patient was an elderly male presenting mainly with cough and hemoptysis. Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis with concomitant squamous cell carcinoma of the lung was confirmed through CT, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid targeted next-generation sequencing (tNGS), and pathological biopsy. After anti-tuberculosis treatment, concurrent sequential radiotherapy, and two cycles of chemotherapy, the disease was assessed as partially relieved. Conclusion: Although the coexistence of pulmonary tuberculosis and lung carcinoma is rare, the comprehensive treatment in this case demonstrated favorable outcomes. Currently, there is no standardized treatment protocol for such patients, emphasizing the need for further research in this specific patient population.Keywords: pulmonary tuberculosis; non-small-cell lung cancer; radiotherapy; chemotherapy; anti-tuberculosis treatment.

Fish spawning phenology is a major concern for conservation and fisheries management. New intensive data sources such as GPS-based tracking data or high resolution catch declaration data are progressively becoming available in the field of marine ecology. These benefit from high spatio-temporal resolution and open new research avenues to investigate inter-annual and seasonal variability of phenology. In this paper, we illustrate how catch declarations modeling coupled with spatio-temporal dimension reduction methods known as Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF) can be used to synthetize spatio-temporal signals in fish distribution; Specifically, we address the following questions; (1) can we identify spatio-seasonal patterns that can be interpreted in terms of seasonal migration between essential habitats? (2) can we identify changes in the phenology? (3) are those changes related to environmental drivers? The analysis is illustrated through the analysis of the reproduction phenology on three key commercial species in the Bay of Biscay (Hake, Sole and Sea Bass). The EOF analysis on these species emphasizes strong seasonal spatio-temporal patterns that correspond to migration patterns between feeding areas and reproduction areas. Based on this methodology, we identify seasonal variations in the timing of the reproduction and we relate these to Sea Surface Temperature, a key driver of fish reproduction.

Title: Secondary Syphilis Presenting as Fever of Unknown OriginAuthors: Hannah Eloise Wilding, BS1; Amy Hays, MD2

Introduction: Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a tear or separation within the coronary artery wall forming an intraluminal hematoma reducing downstream blood flow leading to myocardial ischemia (MI)(Figure 1A-C)1 . Intraluminal hematomas may develop from ”inside-out” due to endothelial-intimal injury or ”outside-in” due to injury within the vasa vasorum leading to bleeding in the wall. The subsequent false lumen from either mechanism can extend and compress the true lumen to cause MI [2]. Unlike other luminal etiologies of MI, SCAD is not caused by atherosclerotic plaque rupture, coronary intervention, or trauma [3]. With significant MI from intraluminal hematoma, patients can present with signs and symptoms that mimic MI including chest pain with and without radiation, dyspnea, nausea and vomiting. It can also include elevated troponin with electrocardiogram (ECG) changes consistent with ST segment elevation or non-ST segment elevation MI. The diagnosis is made when other etiologies of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are ruled out and there is an angiographic evidence of non-iatrogenic or non-atherosclerotic radiolucent intimal flap and contrast staining [1]. Left anterior descending (LAD) artery is the most commonly affected branch of the left main coronary [4]. Severe stenosis can lead to heart failure as well as cardiogenic shock amongst other post-MI complications including ventricular arrhythmias, ventricular free wall or septal wall rupture. If angiography is inconclusive, then intracoronary imaging with optical coherence tomography or intravascular ultrasound may be considered before repeat angiography [5].The etiology of SCAD is thought to be multifactorial without a clear underlying cause. Risk factors associated include fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD), peri and postpartum period, hormonal fluctuations, and arteriopathies. SCAD is a rare cause of ACS, although when present, there is a higher prevalence in young females without cardiac risk factors [6]. Stable patients are treated conservatively with medication while percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass graft are reserved for severe stenosis and acute change in hemodynamics. Use of antiplatelet therapy remains controversial as medications such as acetylsalicylic acid (i.e. aspirin) and P2Y12 receptor blockers can worsen intraluminal hematoma. Dual antiplatelet therapy is recommended for those who undergo stent placement [5]. Similarly, guideline directed medical therapy is initiated for new onset of heart failure. Review of literature reveals 90% recovery within one month with coronary computed tomography angiography [5]. Many cases of SCAD have been reported in young females with ischemic symptoms and angiographic findings in the distal LAD but only few cases highlight proximal coronary involvement. We present a case of a young woman with extensive left main and proximal LAD SCAD requiring intervention.

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Title PageCase report title: Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukaemia Primarily Presenting as Life-Threatening Pericardial Effusion, Eldoret, Kenya: A Case reportAuthors: Victor M. Wauye1*, Evangeline Njiru1, Angela K. Amadi1, Mildred N. Hagembe2, Gabriel Kigen3

Interrupted sampling repeater jamming (ISRJ) is an effective jamming method in modern electronic countermeasures, but its sampling duty ratio (SDR) should be no more than 50%. This paper proposes a distributed interrupted sampling repeater jamming solution to settle this problem based on the basic principle of the ISRJ. The simulation results show that this solution can break the limit of the SDR, and overcome the inherent defects of a single ISRJ jammer.